Recall
Review students on the Circulatory System or other systems preceeding the lesson.
B Motivation
Let the students perform the breathing exercise – inhale, exhale. Then, ask questions like what parts of the body are involved in breathing? Or how does air move in and out of the lungs? The answers can be noted for clarification during the post-lab discussion.
Then, start the lesson for the day with a discussion on the parts of the human respiratory system. Let the students describe them from what they have read in their textbooks. Have the students relate the parts to their function. To further make clear the different concepts and their application have them do the activity.
C. Activity
The human lung model can be bought at UPNISMED @ P50.00 each. In case you are not able to procure this, you can easily make the model using the materials listed on page 36. Assemble the model following the guide shown below until the next page. Make sure there is no leak in joining the ballpen tubes in making the y-shaped trachea and bronchi. If a glue gun (from hardware store) is not available, use candle light to heat up the gluegun stick. Also, if the glue gun and stick are not available Mighty Bond can be used but more time is needed for it to dry. Use a heated iron nail to make a hole on the plastic jar. Make sure that the hole is not too big or too small for the ballpen cap to avoid leaks. The clean plastic bag will be used to represent the diaphragm while the small ice candy plastic with cotton will be used to represent the lungs.
Steps in constructing a lung model:
Step 1 : Show to the students the model.
Step 2
The second activity on the effect of cigarette smoke on the respiratory system is best done in open air. This is to avoid the possibility of students inhaling the smoke themselves. Ensure too that they do not play with matches to avoid fire accidents.
D. Postlaboratory Discussion
Answers to Developmental Questions:
Question 1. Which parts of the respiratory system are represented in the model?
Question 2. What happens to the plastic bags?
Question 3. Explain why this happens in terms of differences in pressure inside the jar and the atmosphere.
Question 4. What part of breathing does the movement of the plastic sheet represent?
Question 5. What happens to the plastic bags?
Question 6. Why does this happen?
Question 7. Which part of the breathing process does this represent?
Question 8. How would you relate your observation in the model to the actual breathing process?
Question 9. What happens to the cotton inside the plastic bags as you continue to pull and push the diaphragm?
Question 10. How can you relate your observation to what happens to the lungs of one who smokes?
Add emphasis to the fact that smoking is a personal choice of deliberate introduction of poison to the body. Challenge the students as to whether they would choose to smoke or not to smoke knowing the serious harm it can cause to their health.
Mention the following diseases related to smoking:
1. chronic lung diseases such as bronchitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma and pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura, a delicate membrane around the lungs extending to the wall the chest cavity)
II. 2. lung cancer
3. high blood pressure
4. emphysema(a disease in which air sacs lose their elasticity making it difficult for the lungs to remove blood deficient in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide)
Question 11. Can you name other air pollutants that can seriously harm the respiratory system?
After discussing the answers to the developmental questions, ask the students to suggest ways of maintaining the efficient functioning of the respiratory system. The following may come up as their suggestions: refrain from smoking, campaign to ban smoking in the school premises if it has not been implemented, have more plants in their yards/school to provide more oxygen and to use up carbon dioxide in their surroundings for photosynthesis, campaign to ban smoke-belchers from the streets and for use of gasoline instead of diesel fuel, or refrain from burning trash.
Other questions may be asked as a review for students to fully understand the concepts covered in the lesson. These may include the following:
1. How is the structure of the nasal cavity related to its function? The nasal cavity beginning with the nose is lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs to filter out dust particles in the air. Towards the end of the pharynx which serves as the passage for food and air is the epiglottis that partly closes upon swallowing so that food can proceed to the stomach and air can move to the larynx.
1. Trace the path of inhaled air from the nose to the lungs. Upon inhalation, air enters the nose where it becomes warm and moist. It is here where fine hairs filter dust and other particles out in the air. Then, it proceeds to the pharynx with the epiglottis at the end to guard that air goes to the larynx and food to the esophagus when it is swallowed. From the larynx, air goes to the trachea which branches into two. Air then, passes through each bronchus (plural: bronchi) into the lungs until it reaches the smaller bronchial tubes called the bronchioles. Each of the bronchiole is connected to a cluster of air sacs or alveoli which are covered with a network of capillaries.
3. Explain how gas exchange occur between blood in the capillaries and the air sacs.
Blood pumped by the heart to the lungs come from various parts of the body and are high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen. When air reaches the air sacs, oxygen in it diffuses to the capillaries and into the blood and combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood from the heart moves to the air sacs. The oxygenated blood then, goes back to the heart to be brought to the different parts of the body. Carbon dioxide in the air sacs will then be exhaled to the atmosphere.
E. Generalization
1. The respiratory system functions in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between organisms and their environment.
2. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are the organs consisting the human respiratory system.
3. Movements of the ribs and diaphragm cause changes in the volume of the chest cavity resulting in the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
4. Inhaled air enters the body through the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus/chi, bronchioles until it reaches the air sacs in the lungs.
5. Gas exchange in humans occurs between blood in the capillaries and air sacs. Blood in the capillaries from the various parts of the body pumped by the heart to the lungs is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. Oxygen in the air sacs diffuses to the capillaries and into the blood to be brought to the various parts of the body. Carbon dioxide in the capillaries which have diffused into the air sacs will then be exhaled to the atmosphere.
6. Diseases of the respiratory system which have been linked to cigarette smoking are chronic lung diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma and pleurisy; lung cancer, high blood pressure and emphysema.
F. Valuing or Application
Every New Year’s eve, people burn tires with the belief that this will drive evil spirits away and will add fun to their merrymaking. How will you explain to your family or neighbors that this is not a good practice?
2. Assessment
Use any three of these questions for the lesson assessment.
A.1. Arrange the following structures in correct order in which air passes through them during breathing:
a. alveoli
b. bronchus
c. larynx
d. trachea
2. The nose through which air normally enters the body is lined with fine hairs that function to:
a. moisten the air.
b. filter dust and other particles.
c. slow and regulate the passage of air.
d. allow you to breathe while you eat.
B.1. The figure on the right is a diagrammatic presentation of gas exchange in the lungs. Label the parts represented by each letter.
2. How will carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect gas exchange in the lungs?
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin more easily than oxygen. If carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke is inhaled, then, this will combine with hemoglobin in blood and no or less of the much-needed oxygen will be brought to the different parts of the body. It should also be noted that if there is less hemoglobin in the blood as in the case of persons with anemia, less oxygen will be available for the cells of the body. Oxygen deficiency usually results to dizziness that occur in smoking and anemic persons. This means that the amount of oxygen that the body can obtain depends also on the hemoglobin present in the blood of a person.
V. Agreement:
A. Ask students to do readings on plants that have the ability to absorb air pollutants.
B. Have students report orally on how to maximize the use of these plants considering their ability to absorb air pollutants.
Activity 6. The Human Lung Model
In this activity you will use a lung model to demonstrate how parts of the respiratory system aid in the breathing process.
Objectives
1. Identify parts of the respiratory system involved in the breathing process
2. Explain how inhaled air moves in and out of the lungs using a lung model
Materials
Human lung model
Pencil
Match/lighter
Procedure
1. Study the parts of the respiratory system in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Parts of the respiratory system
2. Locate the parts of the lung model in Figure 2 that correspond to the different parts of the respiratory system.
Figure 2. Human lung model
Question 1. W hich parts are represented in the model?
___________________________________________
3. Label these parts.
4. Hold the model in an upright position with one hand. Pull down the plastic sheet with your other hand.
Question 2. What happens to the small plastic bags ?
__________________________________________________________
Question 3. Explain why this happens in terms of differences in pressure inside the jar and atmosphere.
__________________________________________________________
Question 4. What part of breathing does the movement of the plastic sheet represent?
__________________________________________________________
5. Then, push the plastic sheet inward and hold it for a few seconds.
Question 5. What happens to the plastic bags?
__________________________________________________________
Question 6. Why does this happen?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 7. How do you call this part of the breathing process?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 8. How would you relate your observation in the model to the actual breathing process?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Further Activity
The air we breathe contains oxygen that people need to live. But, do you know that this very air may also contain pollutants that can harm our respiratory organs?
Cigarette smoke is a pollutant. It contains tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Tar is a sticky substance that can coat the lungs and is known to cause cancer. It is more concentrated in the last third of the cigarette. Nicotine causes addiction, increases heart rate and causes high blood pressure and leaves a yellow stain on the fingers and teeth. Both tar and nicotine irritate the lungs causing production of phlegm in the bronchial tubes. This makes the tubes easily infected by disease-causing microorganisms as those that cause tuberculosis. Carbon monoxide on the other hand, easily combine with hemoglobin than oxygen.
Objective
1. To illustrate the effect of cigarette smoke on the respiratory organs
Procedure
1. Insert a lighted cigarette on the tube of the lung model.
PRECAUTION: Avoid playing with matches to avoid fire and do not inhale
cigarette smoke.
2. Pull and push repeatedly the diaphragm.
Question 9. What happens to the cotton inside the plastic bags as you continue to pull and push the diaphragm?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 10. How can you relate your observation to what happens to the lungs of one who smokes?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 11. Can you name other air pollutants that can seriously harm the respiratory system?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Put off the cigarette when you have finished with your observation and wrap it in paper before disposing it in the waste can.
Review students on the Circulatory System or other systems preceeding the lesson.
B Motivation
Let the students perform the breathing exercise – inhale, exhale. Then, ask questions like what parts of the body are involved in breathing? Or how does air move in and out of the lungs? The answers can be noted for clarification during the post-lab discussion.
Then, start the lesson for the day with a discussion on the parts of the human respiratory system. Let the students describe them from what they have read in their textbooks. Have the students relate the parts to their function. To further make clear the different concepts and their application have them do the activity.
C. Activity
The human lung model can be bought at UPNISMED @ P50.00 each. In case you are not able to procure this, you can easily make the model using the materials listed on page 36. Assemble the model following the guide shown below until the next page. Make sure there is no leak in joining the ballpen tubes in making the y-shaped trachea and bronchi. If a glue gun (from hardware store) is not available, use candle light to heat up the gluegun stick. Also, if the glue gun and stick are not available Mighty Bond can be used but more time is needed for it to dry. Use a heated iron nail to make a hole on the plastic jar. Make sure that the hole is not too big or too small for the ballpen cap to avoid leaks. The clean plastic bag will be used to represent the diaphragm while the small ice candy plastic with cotton will be used to represent the lungs.
Steps in constructing a lung model:
Step 1 : Show to the students the model.
Step 2
The second activity on the effect of cigarette smoke on the respiratory system is best done in open air. This is to avoid the possibility of students inhaling the smoke themselves. Ensure too that they do not play with matches to avoid fire accidents.
D. Postlaboratory Discussion
Answers to Developmental Questions:
Question 1. Which parts of the respiratory system are represented in the model?
Question 2. What happens to the plastic bags?
Question 3. Explain why this happens in terms of differences in pressure inside the jar and the atmosphere.
Question 4. What part of breathing does the movement of the plastic sheet represent?
Question 5. What happens to the plastic bags?
Question 6. Why does this happen?
Question 7. Which part of the breathing process does this represent?
Question 8. How would you relate your observation in the model to the actual breathing process?
Question 9. What happens to the cotton inside the plastic bags as you continue to pull and push the diaphragm?
Question 10. How can you relate your observation to what happens to the lungs of one who smokes?
Add emphasis to the fact that smoking is a personal choice of deliberate introduction of poison to the body. Challenge the students as to whether they would choose to smoke or not to smoke knowing the serious harm it can cause to their health.
Mention the following diseases related to smoking:
1. chronic lung diseases such as bronchitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma and pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura, a delicate membrane around the lungs extending to the wall the chest cavity)
II. 2. lung cancer
3. high blood pressure
4. emphysema(a disease in which air sacs lose their elasticity making it difficult for the lungs to remove blood deficient in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide)
Question 11. Can you name other air pollutants that can seriously harm the respiratory system?
After discussing the answers to the developmental questions, ask the students to suggest ways of maintaining the efficient functioning of the respiratory system. The following may come up as their suggestions: refrain from smoking, campaign to ban smoking in the school premises if it has not been implemented, have more plants in their yards/school to provide more oxygen and to use up carbon dioxide in their surroundings for photosynthesis, campaign to ban smoke-belchers from the streets and for use of gasoline instead of diesel fuel, or refrain from burning trash.
Other questions may be asked as a review for students to fully understand the concepts covered in the lesson. These may include the following:
1. How is the structure of the nasal cavity related to its function? The nasal cavity beginning with the nose is lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs to filter out dust particles in the air. Towards the end of the pharynx which serves as the passage for food and air is the epiglottis that partly closes upon swallowing so that food can proceed to the stomach and air can move to the larynx.
1. Trace the path of inhaled air from the nose to the lungs. Upon inhalation, air enters the nose where it becomes warm and moist. It is here where fine hairs filter dust and other particles out in the air. Then, it proceeds to the pharynx with the epiglottis at the end to guard that air goes to the larynx and food to the esophagus when it is swallowed. From the larynx, air goes to the trachea which branches into two. Air then, passes through each bronchus (plural: bronchi) into the lungs until it reaches the smaller bronchial tubes called the bronchioles. Each of the bronchiole is connected to a cluster of air sacs or alveoli which are covered with a network of capillaries.
3. Explain how gas exchange occur between blood in the capillaries and the air sacs.
Blood pumped by the heart to the lungs come from various parts of the body and are high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen. When air reaches the air sacs, oxygen in it diffuses to the capillaries and into the blood and combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood from the heart moves to the air sacs. The oxygenated blood then, goes back to the heart to be brought to the different parts of the body. Carbon dioxide in the air sacs will then be exhaled to the atmosphere.
E. Generalization
1. The respiratory system functions in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between organisms and their environment.
2. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are the organs consisting the human respiratory system.
3. Movements of the ribs and diaphragm cause changes in the volume of the chest cavity resulting in the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
4. Inhaled air enters the body through the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus/chi, bronchioles until it reaches the air sacs in the lungs.
5. Gas exchange in humans occurs between blood in the capillaries and air sacs. Blood in the capillaries from the various parts of the body pumped by the heart to the lungs is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. Oxygen in the air sacs diffuses to the capillaries and into the blood to be brought to the various parts of the body. Carbon dioxide in the capillaries which have diffused into the air sacs will then be exhaled to the atmosphere.
6. Diseases of the respiratory system which have been linked to cigarette smoking are chronic lung diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma and pleurisy; lung cancer, high blood pressure and emphysema.
F. Valuing or Application
Every New Year’s eve, people burn tires with the belief that this will drive evil spirits away and will add fun to their merrymaking. How will you explain to your family or neighbors that this is not a good practice?
2. Assessment
Use any three of these questions for the lesson assessment.
A.1. Arrange the following structures in correct order in which air passes through them during breathing:
a. alveoli
b. bronchus
c. larynx
d. trachea
2. The nose through which air normally enters the body is lined with fine hairs that function to:
a. moisten the air.
b. filter dust and other particles.
c. slow and regulate the passage of air.
d. allow you to breathe while you eat.
B.1. The figure on the right is a diagrammatic presentation of gas exchange in the lungs. Label the parts represented by each letter.
2. How will carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect gas exchange in the lungs?
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin more easily than oxygen. If carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke is inhaled, then, this will combine with hemoglobin in blood and no or less of the much-needed oxygen will be brought to the different parts of the body. It should also be noted that if there is less hemoglobin in the blood as in the case of persons with anemia, less oxygen will be available for the cells of the body. Oxygen deficiency usually results to dizziness that occur in smoking and anemic persons. This means that the amount of oxygen that the body can obtain depends also on the hemoglobin present in the blood of a person.
V. Agreement:
A. Ask students to do readings on plants that have the ability to absorb air pollutants.
B. Have students report orally on how to maximize the use of these plants considering their ability to absorb air pollutants.
Activity 6. The Human Lung Model
In this activity you will use a lung model to demonstrate how parts of the respiratory system aid in the breathing process.
Objectives
1. Identify parts of the respiratory system involved in the breathing process
2. Explain how inhaled air moves in and out of the lungs using a lung model
Materials
Human lung model
Pencil
Match/lighter
Procedure
1. Study the parts of the respiratory system in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Parts of the respiratory system
2. Locate the parts of the lung model in Figure 2 that correspond to the different parts of the respiratory system.
Figure 2. Human lung model
Question 1. W hich parts are represented in the model?
___________________________________________
3. Label these parts.
4. Hold the model in an upright position with one hand. Pull down the plastic sheet with your other hand.
Question 2. What happens to the small plastic bags ?
__________________________________________________________
Question 3. Explain why this happens in terms of differences in pressure inside the jar and atmosphere.
__________________________________________________________
Question 4. What part of breathing does the movement of the plastic sheet represent?
__________________________________________________________
5. Then, push the plastic sheet inward and hold it for a few seconds.
Question 5. What happens to the plastic bags?
__________________________________________________________
Question 6. Why does this happen?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 7. How do you call this part of the breathing process?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 8. How would you relate your observation in the model to the actual breathing process?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Further Activity
The air we breathe contains oxygen that people need to live. But, do you know that this very air may also contain pollutants that can harm our respiratory organs?
Cigarette smoke is a pollutant. It contains tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Tar is a sticky substance that can coat the lungs and is known to cause cancer. It is more concentrated in the last third of the cigarette. Nicotine causes addiction, increases heart rate and causes high blood pressure and leaves a yellow stain on the fingers and teeth. Both tar and nicotine irritate the lungs causing production of phlegm in the bronchial tubes. This makes the tubes easily infected by disease-causing microorganisms as those that cause tuberculosis. Carbon monoxide on the other hand, easily combine with hemoglobin than oxygen.
Objective
1. To illustrate the effect of cigarette smoke on the respiratory organs
Procedure
1. Insert a lighted cigarette on the tube of the lung model.
PRECAUTION: Avoid playing with matches to avoid fire and do not inhale
cigarette smoke.
2. Pull and push repeatedly the diaphragm.
Question 9. What happens to the cotton inside the plastic bags as you continue to pull and push the diaphragm?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 10. How can you relate your observation to what happens to the lungs of one who smokes?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Question 11. Can you name other air pollutants that can seriously harm the respiratory system?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Put off the cigarette when you have finished with your observation and wrap it in paper before disposing it in the waste can.
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